The Russians made up the government administration and later, when Ukraine began to be industrialized, thousands of Russian workers settled in the factory and mining towns of Eastern Ukraine. The landowners were mainly Poles who had remained from an earlier era of Polish occupation. The skilled tradesmen and craftsmen were often Germans who had immigrated to Ukraine during the reign of Catharine II.
The exploited Ukrainian peasants were at the bottom of the social ladder. By the midth century, Ukraine experienced a population explosion and many thousands of Ukrainians emigrated from Eastern Ukraine to the Kuban in the Caucasus, to Siberia and to Central Asia. This was in addition to the large number of political exiles sent to remote areas of the empire. Western Ukraine, which made up only 20 percent of Ukraine's ethnographical territory, became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the partition of Poland in and the defeat of Ottoman Turks along the Black Sea coast.
This area became the backwater of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although it was referred to as Galicia or Halychyna, the indigenous Ukrainian population had an identity crisis.
Western Ukraine could be divided ethnographically into several regions, each speaking a distinct dialect and following different customs and traditions. A person from a particular region could be identified easily by the particularities of his speech and the embroidery patterns on his shirt or blouse. Rusyns, Volyniaks or Lemkos. The intense rivalry among the groups was often compounded by religious differences.
Upon arrival in Canada, they were labelled by immigration authorities according to the citizenship marked in their passports. Later the Latin name for Western Ukraine, Ruthenia, was used to identify Ukrainians as a separate ethnic group. Emigrants began leaving Western Ukraine even before Industrial laborers and miners were needed in Prussia, Germany and France. In , slavery was abolished in Brazil and agricultural laborers were in great demand.
Thousands of landless peasants accepted the Brazilian government's offer of free passage to Brazil and free land in the jungles of Parana and Santa Catarina provinces. Emigration from Western Ukraine and immigration to Canada coincided with specific social, economic and political conditions in the two countries. Ukrainians in Western Ukraine were forced to emigrate in large numbers for a variety of reasons. Toward the end of the 19th century the relatively high birth rate created a population explosion.
The small farms owned by the peasants could not be subdivided any further, while the ownership of a piece of land was the sole means of existence. Agricultural activity on the small farms was primitive, inefficient and labour-intensive.
In addition, productivity was low and the land could not support a large population beyond the subsistance level. Furthermore, large tracts of the best agricultural land were owned by absentee landlords or belonged to the church.
The cities and towns of Western Ukraine were essentially administrative and commercial centres lacking any established industry or manufacturing base which could employ large numbers of workers. What manufacturing did exist took the form of groups of craftsmen producing small items required to meet the immediate needs of the local population. Employment was seasonal, wages were low and unemployment was high. Large numbers of landless peasants were forced to work as laborers on the landed estates for little more than board and room.
The languages spoken in the cities and towns were German, Polish and Yiddish. The Ukrainian peasant, who formed the bulk of the rural population, felt like a foreigner in his own country. Another sore point among young Ukrainian males was compulsory service in the Austrian army. Illiterate and unable to understand the German language, young recruits were often abused by brutal foreign-speaking officers. Emigration was often the only means of escape for desperate young army deserters.
Toward the end of the 19th century, following Confederation, Canada experienced an intense period of economic expansion and growth.
Large numbers of unskilled workers were needed in labour-intensive industries such as railroad building, mining, lumbering and especially agriculture. The completion of the trans-continental railway in opened the Canadian West for settlement and provided transportation for shipping wheat and other agricultural products to eastern markets and port cities. The world-wide demand for Canadian wheat created a wheat boom in Western Canada.
The Canadian government embarked on an intensive program of immigration aimed at quickly settling the western prairies with productive farmers. The settlement of large numbers of American immigrants in Western Canada raised the fear of American annexation among the British. At this time, however, large numbers of prospective immigrants from industrialized Western Europe were not attracted to, or were unsuited for, the harsh conditions of life on the Canadian Prairies.
In , Dr. Joseph Oleskiw, a geography professor from Lviv, visited Canada and wrote two books. Pro vilni zemli and O emigratsii, which had a great impact in directing Ukrainian immigrants to Canada. Sir Clifford Sifton, the Minister of the Interior from to , turned to Eastern Europe for prospective immigrants.
The new partnership will look to improve mobility opportunities for Ukrainian nationals who are looking to move to Canada. The Canada-Ukraine Mobility Working Group will also allow the respective governments to share insights and best practices on how to best manage migration.
It will also allow Canada to promote its economic class immigration programs to Ukrainian nationals. Wednesday marked the 29th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two nations. Canada and Ukraine have enjoyed strong ties since — just a few months after Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in August Canada and Ukraine have had close ties since.
Currently, there are over 1. This includes financial, development, security, non-lethal military and humanitarian assistance. During the First World War, Ukrainians from Galicia were classified as enemy aliens by the Government of Canada and over 5, Ukrainian Canadians were interned in camps. Ukrainian language schools were closed and the Ukrainian language press restricted. Regardless of this, over 10, Ukrainian Canadians fought in the War, with many anglicizing their names to avoid discrimination.
These refugees were welcomed by the already established Ukrainian communities. The Ukrainian Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant churches had parishes in most Ukrainian centres and these establishments were important places for social gathering. After the end of this war, there was a third wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada.
These were mostly refugees who began arriving from all over Europe in By , over 32, new Ukrainian immigrants had settled in Canada. Most of these immigrants settled in the industrial regions of Quebec and Ontario.
0コメント